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Citric acid is one of the most common food additives and is also commonly found in cleaners and cosmetics. This organic acid occurs naturally in vegetables and fruits, with its highest concentration occurring in citrus fruits. Until the early 20th century, the production of citric acid for commercial applications involved extraction from citrus fruits such as lemons. When it was discovered that citric acid could be acquired more cheaply via fermentation, this became the standard production method. Today the mold Aspergillus niger is typically used for commercial production.
Naturally occurring citric acid found in foods such as oranges, lemons, or limes acts as an antioxidant and helps to protect cells against the damage caused by free radicals. Thus, citric acid is likely to be of some benefit in the prevention of cancer, heart disease, and other diseases associated with free radical cellular degradation. In addition, as an alkalizing agent it can help to maintain healthy pH levels in the body and may help to prevent kidney stones. Citric acid can also help with nutrient absorption, and various mineral supplements utilize citric acid for that purpose.
Commercially produced citric acid is commonly used as a preservative in a wide variety of foods. It is also used as a flavor enhancer in soft drinks for its citrus taste, as well as in various candies. And it is used as an emulsifying agent in ice cream. Citric acid is useful for preventing Botulism in canned goods by raising pH levels, and it is a useful agent in the production of cheese, beer, and wine.
Citric acid works well as a water softener by breaking down trace amounts of metal found in hard water, and it is found as an ingredient in various household cleaners to help clean hard water stains. As a disinfectant, it is effective against many types of viruses and bacteria and provides a safer alternative to harsh cleaning products such as bleach.
Cosmetic products often use citric acid in order to help balance pH levels. Shampoos, body wash, and hand soap are likely to use citric acid for this purpose, while it also functions as an active ingredient in alpha hydroxy acid skin care products. As a preservative, citric acid is likely to be used in a wide range of cosmetic applications.
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