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NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme critical for cellular energy and metabolic processes. In skincare, it offers:

1. Anti-Aging: Boosts energy production and activates sirtuins, supporting DNA repair and reducing fine lines and wrinkles (Guarente, 2013).
2. Skin Barrier Function: Enhances hydration and resilience by improving cellular repair mechanisms (Imai & Guarente, 2014).
3. Brightening: Promotes cellular turnover, reducing oxidative stress and uneven tone (Cantó et al., 2015).
4. Anti-Inflammatory: Modulates inflammatory responses, soothing irritation (Verdin, 2015).
5. Oxidative Stress Reduction: Activates antioxidants via sirtuins, protecting against free radical damage (Kane & Sinclair, 2018).

These benefits make NAD+ effective for anti-aging, hydration, and brightening formulations.

References:

• Guarente, L. (2013). Calorie restriction and sirtuins revisited. Genes & Development.
• Imai, S., & Guarente, L. (2014). NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology.
• Cantó, C., et al. (2015). NAD+ metabolism and the control of energy homeostasis: a balancing act between mitochondria and the nucleus. Cell Metabolism.
• Verdin, E. (2015). NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science.
• Kane, A. E., & Sinclair, D. A. (2018). Epigenetic changes during aging and their reprogramming potential. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.